Organized by the Institute of Experimental Physics, University of Bialystok and the Institute of Atomic Energy, Swierk under the auspices of the European Crystallographic Association; Committee of Crystallography, the Polish Academy of Sciences; and the Polish Neutron Scattering Society The School is financially supported in part by the International Union of Crystallography; the European Crystallographic Association; the European Office of Aerospace Research & Development; the Ministry of Science and Information Society Technologies; the Warsaw University of Technology; and the University of Bialystok.
		Time resolved phase enhanced radiography Wah-Keat Lee Advanced Photon Source Argonne National Laboratory, USA.   Topics Conventional x-ray imaging relies on the differences in the absorption of the sample to provide image contrast. However, with the advent of x-ray sources with small source sizes, such as micro-focus x-ray tubes and synchrotrons, an additional contrast mechanism can come into play, namely, phase contrast. Phase contrast, which includes refraction and diffraction effects, can greatly enhance the image contrast. Phase contrast is particularly useful in cases where the absorption contrast is weak. Coupled with the high x-ray flux available at third generation synchrotrons, time-resolved phase enhanced radiography is now possible and has opened a new avenues of research in several different disciplines ranging from biology to material science and engineering. It is now possible to obtain x-ray images with micrometer spatial and microsecond temporal resolutions. This talk will begin with a review of the basis of x-ray phase contrast imaging and x-ray beam coherence. Examples and comparisons with conventional absorption-based imaging will be given. Two applications of time-resolved phase-enhanced radiography will be presented in detail. In the field of insect physiology, this technique has provided never before seen time-resolved movies of the insect respiratory and digestive systems. This has allow biologists to directly quantify parameters such as tracheal compressions and frequency, liquid bolus volumes and speed. Time resolved phase-enhanced x-ray imaging has also made a significant impact in the study of automobile fuel injectors. For the first time, the actual internal dynamics of a fuel injector has been visualized. Never before seen movies of the plunger wobble and cavitation are providing design engineers with vital feedback that have significant impact on the efficiency of the engine.